Técnicas e procedimentos de controle de infecções de cateteres venosos em onco-hematologia infantil: aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos e microbiológicos e prevalência de Corynebacterium spp. - Instituto Nacional de Câncer, RJ / Techniques and procedures central line infections control in childhood cancer patients: clinical and epidemiological aspects, microbiological and prevalence of Corynebacterium spp. - Instituto Nacional de Câncer, RJ

Estudo descritivo retrospectivo realizado no Instituto Nacional do Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, HCI-Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, (INCA-HCI-RJ), no qual foram avaliadas infecções relacionadas aos acessos venosos para tratamento oncológico, nos setores Onco-Hematológicos pediátricos. A infecção representa uma importante complicação em pacientes oncológicos em tratamento. Devido ao tratamento oncológico que envolve: procedimentos cirúrgicos muitas vezes mutilantes, tratamento com quimioterápicos que ocasionam períodos de imunossupressão e neutropenia, e tratamento radioterápico com radiação e lise celular. O uso de dispositivos venosos associados a períodos de imunossupressão pode levar a infecção da corrente sanguínea e outras complicações (por exemplo trombose). No presente estudo foram investigados aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos das infecções e da susceptibilidade antimicrobiana em amostras clínicas obtidas de processos infecciosos associados ao uso de cateteres venosos de longa permanência no tratamento oncológico em pacientes do Hospital do Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, HCI/INCA, Rio de Janeiro Brasil. Foram avaliadas: a) prevalência das espécies diversas relacionadas aos quadros infecciosos identificados nestes pacientes oncológicos; b) prevalência de casos de complicações e outras infecções invasivas relacionadas ao uso de cateteres de longa permanência; c) perfis de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos e ocorrência de multirresistência. O desenvolvimento deste projeto de pesquisa possibilitou a observação análise e validação da evolução dos processos envolvidos nos quadros de infecções nosocomiais em pacientes oncológicos pediátricos na prevenção de complicações que envolvem todo o sistema de saúde, além de contribuir na escolha de antimicrobianos e estratégias terapêuticas mais efetivas para o tratamento de infecções em cateteres por espécies multirresistentes de Corynebacterium.

Retrospective descriptive study conducted at the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva, INCA / HCI-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (INCA-HCI-RJ). Infection represents an important complication in cancer patients. This group is more prone to infections due to the cancer treatment that involves: surgical procedures often mutilating, treatment with chemotherapy that cause periods of immunosuppression even with neutropenia, and radiotherapy treatment with radiation and cell lysis. The vascular devices associated with these periods can lead to bloodstream infection besides others complication as thrombosis. The number of reports of infections in hospitalized cancer patients increases morbidity and mortality rates. In the present study clinical and epidemiological aspects of infections were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated in clinical exams and samples from blood patients and venous catheter in children oncological patients at the José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, HCI / INCA, Rio de Janeiro Brazil. It was possible evaluate a) prevalence of various species infections in cancer patients; b) prevalence of cases of complications and other invasive infections related to the use of long-term catheters; c) antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and occurrence of multidrug resistance. The development of this research project in nosocomial infections in pediatric cancer patients was enabled analysis and validation of some process involved to prevent vascular complications that involve entire health system. In addition to contributing to the choice of antimicrobials and the most effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of multi-resistant Corynebacterium sp.

Evaluación de capacidades básicas para cumplir el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional en puntos de entrada de Uruguay / Assessment of core capacities for enforcement of the International Health Regulations at points of entry in Uruguay

OBJETIVO: Describir las características y resultados de la evaluación de capacidades básicas para cumplir el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (RSI) en puntos de entrada de Uruguay, mediante la aplicación simultánea de los instrumentos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el MERCOSUR, así como también las fortalezas y debilidades identificadas en ambos al ser aplicados en el terreno. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante la aplicación de los instrumentos OMS y MERCOSUR de evaluación de capacidades básicas para el RSI. Se seleccionaron dos puntos de entrada (PDE 1 y 2) escogidos como muestra de conveniencia por presentar el mayor volumen de tráfico de pasajeros y bienes del país. Ambos instrumentos fueron caracterizados individual y cualitativamente en términos de fortalezas y debilidades. RESULTADOS: El valor promedio de implementación de capacidades básicas fue de 69 por ciento (OMS) y 67,4 por ciento (MERCOSUR) para el PDE 1 y de 68 por ciento (OMS) y 63,9 por ciento (MERCOSUR) para el PDE 2; se registró una diferencia promedio entre instrumentos de 1,6 por ciento para el PDE 1 y 4,1 por ciento para el PDE 2. Ambos instrumentos examinaron factores no mensurables, sujetos al juicio del evaluador, sin utilizar definiciones operacionales de las variables relevadas. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación simultánea de los instrumentos de la OMS y del MERCOSUR arrojó niveles de implementación semejantes en los dos puntos de entrada evaluados. Estos procesos de evaluación se verían enriquecidos por el intercambio de las fortalezas y la mejora de las debilidades observadas en ambos instrumentos y registradas en el presente trabajo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and results of the assessment of core capacities for enforcement of the International Health Regulations (IHR) at points of entry in Uruguay through simultaneous application of the World Health Organization (WHO) and MERCOSUR instruments, and indicate the strengths and weaknesses identified in both instruments when applied in the field. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through the application of the WHO and MERCOSUR instruments to assess core capacities for the enforcement of the IHR. Two points of entry (POE 1 and 2) were selected as a convenience sample because they had the highest volume of passenger and goods traffic in the country. Both instruments were characterized individually and qualitatively in terms of strengths and weaknesses. RESULTS: The average values for the implementation of core capacities were 69 percent (WHO) and 67.4 percent (MERCOSUR) for POE 1 and 68 percent (WHO) and 63.9 percent (MERCO-SUR) for POE 2. The average differences recorded between the instruments were 1.6 percent for POE 1 and 4.1 percent for POE 2. Both instruments examined nonmeasurable factors that are subject to the evaluator's judgment, without using operational definitions of the relevant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous application of the WHO and MERCOSUR instruments yielded similar levels of implementation at the two points of entry assessed. The assessment processes of the two instruments would be enhanced by capitalizing on each other's strengths and addressing the weaknesses observed and recorded in this study.

Cumplimiento de los protocolos de prevención de la legionelosis en edificios públicos / Legionnaires' disease prevention protocol performance in public buildings

Objetivo Investigar la relación entre el cumplimiento del Real Decreto 865/2003 y el Decreto 287/2002, por los que se establecen los criterios higiénico-sanitarios para la prevención y control de la legionelosis, y el riesgo debido a un deficiente mantenimiento higiénico- preventivo de las instalaciones de agua. Métodos Estudio descriptivo realizado en la provincia de Málaga (España) sobre una muestra correspondiente a 214 edificios públicos, 83 variables e interpretación sobre el porcentaje de cumplimiento de la normativa. Medida del riesgo, definición de clusters (tipificación del riesgo), estimadores clásicos y robustos, estimación jackknife e intervalos de confianza bootstrap . Resultados Riesgo por incumplimiento parcial entre el 11,1 (riego, Centros Privados de ESO) y 85,7 por ciento (AFS, Institutos de Educación Secundaria). La normativa se cumple en 82 edificios, 130 la incumplen y 2 no presentan instalaciones de riesgo. Cumplimiento total 38 por ciento. Estimación para el cumplimiento parámetros de localización 0,33-0,36 (33-36 por ciento) y de escala 0,11-0,16. Estimador jackknife del sesgo reducido 0,35071 (estimación media). Intervalos de confianza bootstrap con extremos [0.26, 0.47]. Conclusión El menor riesgo por incumplimiento parcial corresponde a Institutos de Educación Secundaria y el mayor por distribución a los hoteles de cuatro y tres estrellas. Selección del parámetro de localización estimador de Huber y de escala NMAD . Atendiendo al parámetro "razón poblacional" y estimador "razón muestral", el estimador jackknife del sesgo reducido es insesgado. Intervalos de confianza basados en las técnicas bootstrap , partiendo de la media 0,2- recortada muestral y coeficiente de confianza 0,95, muy aproximados.

Objective Studying the relationship between fulfilment of royal decree 865/2003 and decree 287/2002 (establishing hygienic-sanitary criteria for preventing and controlling Legionnaires' disease) and risk arising from deficient preventative-hygienic water facility maintenance. Methods This was a descriptive study carried out in the province of Málaga (Spain) on a sample of 214 public buildings using 83 variables and interpreting legislation fulfilment percentages. Risks were measured, clusters defined (related to risk typification) and classic and robust estimators, jack-knife estimation and bootstrap confidence intervals were calculated. Results 11.1 percent (irrigation, ESO private centres) and 85.7 percent (AFS, secondary education institutions) partial non-fulfilment/breach risks were found. Eighty-two buildings complied with current standards, 130 failed to fulfil them and 2 did not display risk facilities. There was 38 percent overall compliance with established norms. Location parameter fulfilment was estimated as being 0.33-0.36 (3336 percent) and scale as 0.110.16. Reduced bias jack-knife estimator was 0.35071 (average estimation). Bootstrap confidence interval extremes were 0.26 and 0.47. Conclusion Secondary education institutions represented the least risk due to partial noncompliance and four- and three-star hotels the greatest. Huber estimator was selected as location parameter and NMAD as scale parameter. Regarding the population ratio parameter and sample ratio estimator, it was considered that the jack-knife estimator of reduced bias was unbiased. Confidence intervals based on bootstrap techniques (starting from 0.2trimmed mean sample and a 0.95 confidence coefficient) were very approximate.

Representações Sociais das implicações legais da infecção hospitalar e de seu controle / Social Representations of the legal implications of nosocomial infection and its control

O estudo objetivou apreender as Representações Sociais das implicações legais da infecção hospitalar (IH) e analisar como essas representações se articulam com a qualidade do trabalho desenvolvido pelos profissionais da saúde e de direito. Os dados foram produzidos através de entrevistas e processados pelo software Alceste 4.8. A análise hierárquica descendente mostrou 04 classes de palavras, que objetivaram as implicações legais da IH, ancoradas nos aspectos ideológicos, históricos e sócio-culturais, no direito que o usuário da saúde tem de não correr riscos, resultantes de ocorrências causadas por negligência dos envolvidos no processo, devendo ser fiscalizadas pelos órgãos competentes para que os responsáveis respondam civilmente e penalmente, pelo descaso ou descuido na assistência hospitalar.

The study aimed at learning the social representations of the legal implications of hospital infections (HI) and analyze how these representations are articulated with the quality of work developed by the health and law professionals.The data were produced through interviews and processed by software Alceste4.8. The descendant hierarchical analysis showed 04 classes of words, that objected the legal implications of HI, anchored in the ideological, historical and socio-cultural aspects, in the rights that the health user has not run risks, resulting of occurences caused by negligence of involved in the process having to be fiscalized by the competent organs in order the responsibles answer civily and penaltily, miscase or miscare in hospital assistance.

El estudio objectivó aprehender las representaciones sociales de las implicaciones legales de la infección hospitalaria (IH) y analizar como esas representaciones se articulan con la cualidad de trabajo desarrollado por los profesionales de la salud y de derecho. Los datos fueron producidos a través de encuestas y procesados por el software Alceste 4.8. El analisis jierarquico decendiente enseñó 04 clases de palabras que objectivaron las impliciones legales de IH , atracado en los aspectos ideológicos, históricos y socio-culturales, en el derecho que el usuario de la salud tiene de no correr riesgos, resultantes de ocurrencias causadas por negligencia de los involuncrados en el proceso, debendo ser fiscalizado por los órganos competentes para que los responsables contesten civilmente y penalmente, por el descaso y descuido en asistencia hospitalaria.

Atención al paciente VIH/SIDA: legislacion y bioseguridad odontológica en Colombia / Care for HIV/AIDS patients: norms and biosecurity for oral health in Colombia

Este artículo describe normas universales de bioseguridad en la atención odontológica, particularmente las referidas a la atención de personas infectadas con VIH/SIDA, al tiempo que pasa revista a leyes y decretos relativos al tema vigentes en Colombia. Establecer la rutina de evaluar, controlar y prevenir accidentes de trabajo e infecciones asociadas a la práctica odontológica garantiza una mejor atención y calidad de vida, tanto para los pacientes como para el personal de salud.

The present article describes biosecurity universal norms for dental care, specifically those referred to care of persons with HIV/AIDS, and also it reviews laws and norms at Colombia with respect to the topic. It establishes the routine of evaluating, controlling and preventing accidents at work and infections associated with dental health practices, guaranteeing a better care and quality of life both for patients and for health personnel.

Este artigo decreve normas universais de biossegurança na atenção odontológica, particularmente no que se refere aos cuidados de pessoas infectadas com o VIH/AIDS. Faz também uma revisão das leis e decretos relacionados com o tema vigentes na Colombia. Estabelecer uma rotina de avaliação, controle e prevenção de acidentes de trabalho e infecções associadas à prática odontológica garante uma atenção melhor e qualidade de vida, tanto para os paceintes como para os profissionais da saúde.

Contact with hospital syringes containing body fluids. Implications for medical waste management regulation

OBJECTIVE: To determine amount of syringes used in the hospital and extent of contact with blood and body fluids of these syringes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Syringe use was surveyed at a tertiary care center for one week; syringes were classified into the following four categories according to use: a) contained blood; b) contained other body fluids (urine, gastric secretion, cerebrospinal fluid, wound drainage); c) used exclusively for drug dilution and application in plastic intravenous (IV) tubes, and d) for intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or intradermic (ID) injections. RESULTS: A total of 7 157 plastic disposable syringes was used; 1 227 (17 percent) contained blood during use, 346 (4.8 percent), other body fluids, 5 257 (73 percent) were used exclusively for drug dilution and application in plastic IV lines, and 327 (4.5 percent) were utilized for IM, SC, or ID injections. An estimated 369 140 syringes used annually, or eight syringes per patient per in-hospital day. All syringes were disposed of as regulated medical waste, in observance of the law. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to review recommendations for medical waste management by both international agencies and local governments, based on scientific data and a cost-benefit analysis, to prevent resource waste and further environmental damage

Hacia el control integral del dengue / Toward integrated dengue control

Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease, it is characterized by mild symptoms to hemorrhagic manifestations and shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Dengue and DHF/DSS have become major public health problems worldwide. In the urban areas of tropical and subtropical regions approximately 50 million infections occur annually. In Venezuela the situation is similar to the rest of the Americas. The impact of dengue points out the necessity of very organized and effective control programs. The emergency measures to combat the epidemics have had limited effects. There is not a specific management of dengue infections, no vaccine is commercially available and vector control is one of the alternatives to stop the spread of the disease, but an integral control program is needed, with each population's particularities and the state of epidemic risk in that it is. In the practice, it is to combine the environmental reparation with the changes in the human behavior taken place by the sanitary education and the necessary laws for it, integrated with the biological fight against the vector in the way and more appropriate moment and the chemical control in epidemic situations. This last aspect is fundamental as message of change toward an active attitude and of conscience, without which we can affirm with all security that doesn't exist government neither system of health able to solve this problem.